| Description |
Carbaryl is a colourless to light tan or white or grey solid crystal depending on the purity of the compound. The crystals are essentially odourless and stable to heat, light, and acids but are not stable under alkaline conditions. It is non-corrosive to metals, packaging materials, and application equipment. Carbaryl is classified as a general use pesticide (GUP). It is sparingly soluble in water. Carbaryl is a wide-spectrum carbamate insecticide, which controls over 100 species of insects on citrus, fruit, cotton, forests, lawns, nuts, ornamentals, shade trees, and other crops, as well as on poultry, livestock, and pets. It is also used as a molluscicide and an acaricide. Carbaryl works whether it is ingested into the stomach of the pest or absorbed through direct contact. It is available as bait, dusts, wettable powders, granules, dispersions, and suspensions. |
| Chemical Properties |
Carbaryl is a colorless to light tan or white or gray, solid crystals depending on the purity of the compound. The crystals are essentially odorless, and stable to heat, light, and acids, but are not stable under alkaline conditions. It is non-corrosive to metals, packaging materials, and application equipment. Carbaryl is classifi ed as a GUP. It is sparingly soluble in water, Carbaryl is a wide-spectrum carbamate insecticide that controls over 100 species of insects on citrus, fruit, cotton, forests, lawns, nuts, ornamentals, shade trees, and other crops, as well as on poultry, livestock, and pets. It is also used as a molluscicide and an acaricide. Carbaryl works whether it is ingested into the stomach of the pest or absorbed through direct contact. It is available as bait, dusts, wettable powders, granules, dispersions, and suspensions |
| Chemical Properties |
colourless solid |
| Physical properties |
White to light tan crystals with a bleach-like type odor. At 40 °C, the average odor threshold concentration and the lowest concentration at which an odor was detected were 280 and 37 μg/L, respectively. At 25 °C, the average taste threshold concentration and the lowest concentration at which a taste was detected were 140 and 44 μg/L, respectively (Young et al., 1996). |
| Physical properties |
White to light tan crystals with a bleach-like type odor. At 40°C, the average odor threshold concentration and the lowest concentration at which an odor was detected were 280 and 37 μg/L, respectively. At 25°C, the average taste threshold concentration and the lowest concentration at which a taste was detected were 140 and 44 μg/L, respectively (Young et al., 1996). |
| Uses |
Contact insecticide used to control most insects on fruits, vegetables and ornamentals |
| Uses |
Carbaryl is a pesticide, an insecticide of the carbamate group. It induced sensitization in a farmer. |
| Uses |
Contact insecticide. |
| Uses |
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Ectoparasiticide. |
| Uses |
Labelled Prifinium Bromide, a synthetic antispasmodic drug; parasympatholytic. Prifinium Bromide is used as a quartenary anticholinergic agent. |
| Indications |
Carbaryl (Sevin), a cholinesterase inhibitor insecticide, is used as a pediculicide in the form of a shampoo. This product has an objectionable odor, but has some ovicidal activity. It is an effective medication available in England and some other countries but not in the United States. |
| General Description |
A white crystalline solid. Insoluble in water. Combustible, although difficult to ignite. Toxic by inhalation (dust, etc.). Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. |
| Air & Water Reactions |
Slightly soluble in water. |
| Reactivity Profile |
Carbaryl is a carbamate ester. Carbamates are chemically similar to, but more reactive than amides. Like amides they form polymers such as polyurethane resins. Carbamates are incompatible with strong acids and bases, and especially incompatible with strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is produced by the combination of active metals or nitrides with carbamates. Strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides, and hydroperoxides are incompatible with carbamates. Carbaryl is unstable in an alkaline media. . Carbaryl is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers, strongly alkaline pesticides . |
| Hazard |
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption; irritant. A reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Use may be restricted. Questionable car- cinogen. Male reproductive and embryo damage. |
| Health Hazard |
Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. |
| Health Hazard |
Exposures to carbaryl cause a moderate to very toxic health disorder among workers. Carbaryl produces adverse effects in humans by skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion. The symptoms of acute toxicity are typical of the other carbamates. Direct contact of the skin or eyes with moderate levels of this pesticide can cause burns. Inhalation or ingestion of very large amounts can be toxic to the nervous and respiratory systems, resulting in nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and excessive salivation. Exposures to high concentrations of carbaryl causes poisoning with symptoms such as excessive sweating, headache, weakness, giddiness, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, blurred vision, slurred speech, muscle twitching, incoordination, and convulsions. The effects of carbaryl on the nervous system of rats, chickens, monkeys, and humans are primarily related to the inhibition of AChE that under normal situations is transitory. The only documented fatality from carbaryl was through intentional ingestion. Laboratory studies have indicated that the acute oral toxicity (LD50) of carbaryl ranges from 250 to 850 mg/kg in rats, and from 100 to 650 mg/kg in mice. The inhalation toxicity (LC50) in rats is greater than 206 mg/L. Low doses of carbaryl cause minor skin and eye irritation in rabbits. The acute dermal toxicity (LD50) of carbaryl to rabbits is measured as greater than 2000 mg/kg. In a 90-day feeding study, carbaryl did not cause any signifi cant adverse effects in rats. Carbaryl in high doses has caused no reproductive or fetal effects in a long-term feeding study of rats. Ingestion of carbaryl affected the lungs, kidneys, and liver of experimental animals. Inhalation of carbaryl caused adverse effect to the lungs. High doses of carbaryl for a prolonged period caused nerve damage in rats and pigs. Several studies indicate that carbaryl can affect the immune system in animals and insects. The evidence for teratogenic effects due to chronic exposure is minimal in test animals. Birth defects in rabbit and guinea pig offspring occurred only at dosage levels that were highly toxic to the mother. |
| Fire Hazard |
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. |
| Agricultural Uses |
Insecticide, Nematicide, Plant growth regulator: Carbaryl is one of the most widely used insecticides in agriculture, professional turf management and ornamental production, as well as in residential pet, lawn, and garden markets. It controls over 100 species of insects that infect citrus, cotton, nuts, and forest and ornaments trees, as well as poultry and livestock. Carbaryl also is used as a mosquito adulticide. It is available in a variety of formulations bait, dust, wettable powders, granules, dispersions and suspensions. Washington State, for example, has a Special Local Needs registration to control burrowing shrimp in oyster beds. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP). Banned for use in EU countries. |
| Contact allergens |
Carbaryl is a pesticide and insecticide of the carbonate group. It induced sensitization in a farmer. |
| Safety Profile |
Poison by ingestion, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and possibly other routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: sensory change involving peripheral nerves and muscle weakness. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Human mutation data reported. An eye and severe skin irritant. Absorbed by all routes, although skin absorption is slow. No accumulation in tissue. Symptoms include blurred vision, headache, stomachache, vomiting. Symptoms sirmlar to but less severe than those due to parathion. A reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. See also CARBAMATES and ESTERS. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx |
| Potential Exposure |
Carbaryl is a white or grayish, odorless, crystalline solid; or various other forms including liquid and paste. Molecular weight 5 201.24; boiling point 5 (decomposes below BP); freezing/melting point 5 142C; vapor pressure 5, 4 3 1025 mmHg @ 25C; flash point 5B200C. Hazard identification (based on NFPA- 704 M Rating System): Health 3, flammability 1, reactivity 0. Practically insoluble in water; solubility 5 0.02 g/L @ 30C |
| Carcinogenicity |
Carbaryl is not considered to be genotoxic. |
| Metabolic pathway |
The metabolism of carbaryl has been extensively reviewed many times and so original research papers are not generally quoted. Pathways for carbaryl include hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and the methyl group, carbamate ester hydrolysis and conjugation. The metabolism of carbaryl has been extensively reviewed by Schlagbauer and Schlagbauer (1972), Fukuto (1972), Kuhr and Dorough (1976), Mount and Oehme (1981) and by the WHO (1994). Metabolism in man was reviewed by Hutson (1981) and in economic animals by Akhtar (1985). |
| Shipping |
UN2757 Carbamate pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN 2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required |
| Incompatibilities |
Contact with strong oxidizers can cause fire and explosions. |
| Waste Disposal |
Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. Submit to alkaline hydrolysis before disposal. |
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